문서 - 현재 버전 26.1

이미지 품질

일반 — 영상 품질 요소(핵심 성과 지표 – KPI) 소개

이미지 품질 요소 – 개요 및 Imatest 측정 결과 (시작하는 데 권장).

서론 - 요약표 - 이미지 품질 요소 - 선명도 - 질감 - 노이즈 - 정보 용량 및 측정 기준 - 톤 응답 - 다이내믹 레인지 - 색 정확도 - 왜곡 - 균일성 - 잡티 - 노출 정확도/ISO 감도 - 측면 색수차 - 산란광(플레어) - 베일링 글레어 - 색상 모아레 - 소프트웨어 아티팩트 - 데이터 압축 - 프린터 품질 요소

날카로움

소개 - MTF - MTF 방정식 - 공간 주파수 단위 - 요약 지표 - MTF 측정 매트릭스 - 측정 기법 비교 - 경사 가장자리 측정 - 경사 가장자리를 사용하는 이유 - 클리핑 - 노이즈 감소 - MTF50 해석 - 자동 초점(AF) 속도 - 계산 세부 정보 - 경사 가장자리 알고리즘 - Imatest와 ISO 계산 비교 - 링크

선명도 조정 - 카메라 비교를 위한 표준화된 선명도 조정

소개 - 예시 - 과도한 선명도/덜 선명도 - 예시 - 언샤프 마스킹(USM) - 링크 - 표준화된 선명도 조정

서로 다른 카메라의 선명도 비교 - 적용 분야: "이미지 중심"(그림 이미지용) 또는 "객체 중심"(의료, 머신 비전 등용)은 이미지 비교 방식에 큰 영향을 미칩니다.

Imatest 경사 모서리 계산의 유효성 검증

경사형 엣지 센서와 지멘스 스타 센서 의 신호 처리 감도 비교

소개 - 이미지 - 원본 결과 - 사선 모서리 결과 - 정현파(로그 F-대비 및 지멘스 스타) 결과 - 극단적 선명도 조정 - 요약 - 결론

경사형 엣지 카메라와 지멘스 스타 카메라 비교, 2부- 추가 카메라 4대에 대한 결과

경사 모서리 방식과 지멘스 스타 방식의 MTF 계산 비교: 2024년 백서

경사면 측정의 일관성 및 반복성 - 다양한 ISO 속도 및 ROI 크기 비교. 불완전하지만 여전히 유용합니다.

나이퀴스트 주파수, 에일리어싱 및 컬러 모아레 - 웨지에서 파생된 컬러 에일리어싱 측정 방법을 소개합니다.

회절, 최적 조리개 및 초점 흐림 - 렌즈 수차 - 회절 - 픽셀 응답 한계 및 Q - 초점 흐림 

디스플레이(모니터) 선명도 - 차트 표시 - 이미지 캡처 - 분석 - 결과 - TV 라인 - 감마 모니터링 - CMS 시스템

카메라 모니터 시스템(CMS) - 자동차 백미러 교체 시스템 및 일부 내시경용

경사진 모서리 MTF 측정에 대한 LSF(선 확산 함수) 보정 계수

차트 및 센서 MTF에 대한 카메라 MTF 측정값 보정

소개 - 계산 - MTF 보정 파일 - 보정 적용 - 렌즈 MTF 측정을 위한 센서 MTF 보정 - 차트 MTF 측정

기타 이미지 품질 요소

미광(플레어)

이미지 품질 테스트 시작하기

Imatest를 선택하는 이유 | 테스트 차트 | 조명 | 이미지 캡처 기술 | 실험실 설정 | Imatest 소프트웨어 사용법 
GitHub에서 가져온 여러 모듈의 샘플 이미지

Imatest 소프트웨어 사용을 시작하세요

Imatest 사용 설명서 - 일반

기술 자료 주요 내용 - 문제 해결, 활성화 및 일반적인 작동 관련 조언에 대한 문서 링크입니다.

Simatest ISP/카메라 시뮬레이터

이미지 품질 유틸리티는 (테스트 차트뿐만 아니라) 모든 이미지를 저하시키거나, 향상시키거나, 검사하거나, 분석할 수 있습니다.

경사진 모서리 선명도 모듈

SFR – 경사진 모서리의 기본 분석(수동 ROI 선택)

SFR 사용법 1부 - SFR 타겟 설치 및 사진 촬영

SFR 결과: 자동 초점(AF) 그래프

자동 영역 감지 기능 (대화형 또는 자동(배치) 분석) 을 갖춘 경사 모서리 MTF 모듈 표
모든 제품은 ISO 규격의 MTF(선명도) 분석 , 측면 색수차(LCA) 분석 , 그리고 ISO 표준 4:1을 권장하는 2:1~10:1의 차트 대비 비율에 대한 정보 용량을 지원합니다.

특징	SFR플러스	eSFR ISO	SFRreg	서양 장기판
선명도 맵 세부 정보	높은	중간	계약 내용에 따라 다릅니다	높은
ISO 표준 차트 디자인	–	♦	–	–
색상 분석	♦	♦	(SFRreg 센터 차트에만 해당)	–
음색 응답(OECF)	♦	♦	(SFRreg 센터 차트에만 해당)	–
소음 분석	제한된	♦	제한된	제한된
왜곡	♦ 좋음	제한된	–	♦ 최고
기하학 (회전, 시야각, 키스톤 등)	♦	♦	–	♦
특징 및 권장 사용법	Imatest에서 자체적으로 감지하는 차트로, 2009년부터 사용되어 왔습니다. 견고하고 다용도로 활용 가능합니다. 상단 및 하단 막대 위아래에 여백을 두는 것이 좋습니다. eSFR ISO보다 공간 및 왜곡에 대한 세부 정보가 더 풍부합니다.	ISO 표준 차트 디자인. 웨지 분석 및 (선택 사항) 색상 패치를 포함합니다. 상세한 노이즈 분석을 지원합니다.	일반적으로 여러 개의 개별 차트가 이미지 영역 주변에 배치됩니다. - 익스트림 어안 렌즈(>180°) - 목표 투영 시스템 - 초점 및 심도 테스트를 위해 다양한 거리의 차트를 사용합니다. - 초고해상도 카메라(>36MP)	프레임에 비교적 둔감하여, 거리가 충분히 멀어 차트 품질에 문제가 없고 모서리가 감지될 수 있는 한 확대/축소가 가능합니다. 초점 조절을 통한 측정에 매우 적합하며, 왜곡 측정 또한 매우 정확합니다.

♦는 강력한 지지를 , –는 지지하지 않음을 나타냅니다.

SFRplus – 경사진 모서리의 자동 분석

어안 렌즈용으로 사전 왜곡된 특수 차트 - 자동차 후방 카메라 등 다양한 용도로 사용 가능
SFRplus, eSFR ISO 및 SFRreg 차트가 포함되어 있습니다. 왜곡 전 미리보기를 제공합니다.

eSFR ISO – ISO 12233:2014 에지 SFR 차트의 자동 분석

Slanted-edge results Part 3 - eSFR ISO edge results

Multi-ROI summary – Edge and MTF – Chromatic Aberration – Acutance/SQF – Histograms & noise – Image, Geometry, Distortion, FoV – 3D Plots – Lens style MTF plot – Edge roughness – Point Spread Function – Summary – CSV & JSON output

Slanted-edge results Part 4 - eSFR ISO other results (tones, color, wedge, etc.)

Tonal response and gamma - Image, Geometry, Distortion, FoV - Radial distortion - Summary and EXIF data - Color analysis - Detailed noise plot - Wedge aliasing & MTF - Multi-wedge plot - Summary - Links

 

SFRreg – Automated analysis of registration mark patterns

Test imaging systems with ultrawide fisheye lenses (>180 degrees)

Test at very long camera-to-chart distances

Test at variable distances for Depth of Field.

Using SFRreg Part 1 - Registration mark patterns and how to photograph them

target projection - Chart arrays for fisheye lenses - Center Chart - Obtain and photograph chart -  Lighting - Distance - Exposure - Tips - Links

Using SFRreg Part 2 - Running SFRreg

Selecting files – Setup window – ROI selection & analysis area - Speeding up runs - More settings window – Secondary Readout – Settings area – Gamma – Chart contrast ratio – Auto mode window – Warnings - Clipping – Summary

Slanted-edge results Part 3  - SFRreg edge results

Multi-ROI summary – Edge and MTF – Chromatic Aberration – Acutance/SQF – Histograms & noise – Image, Geometry, Distortion, FoV – 3D Plots – Lens style MTF plot – Edge roughness – Point Spread Function – Summary – CSV & JSON output

Slanted-edge results Part 4 - SFRreg other results (tones, color, distortion, etc.)

Tonal response and gamma - Image, Geometry, Distortion, FoV - Radial distortion - Summary and EXIF data - Color analysis - Detailed noise plot - Summary - Links

 

Checkerboard – Automated analysis of checkerboard patterns

Using Checkerboard Part 1 - Checkerboard patterns and how to photograph them

Obtain and photograph chart -  Lighting - Distance - Exposure - Tips - Links

Using Checkerboard Part 2 - Running Checkerboard

Selecting files – Setup window – ROI selection & analysis area - Edge ID Files - Speeding up runs - More settings window – Secondary Readout  – Settings area – Gamma – Chart contrast ratio – Auto mode window – Warnings - Clipping – Summary

Slanted-edge results Part 3 - Checkerboard edge results

Multi-ROI summary – Edge and MTF – Chromatic Aberration – Acutance/SQF – Histograms & noise – Image, Geometry, Distortion, FoV – 3D Plots – Lens style MTF plot – Edge roughness – Point Spread Function – Summary – CSV & JSON output

Slanted-edge results Part 4 - Checkerboard other results (distortion, etc.)

Image, Geometry, Distortion, FoV - Radial distortion - Distortion Contour plot - Summary and EXIF data - Summary - Links

Other (sharpness analyses – Log F-Contrast, Star, Random, Wedge

Using Rescharts - Analysis of resolution-related charts

Introduction - Getting started - The Rescharts window - resolution analyses - Slanted-edge SFR - SFRplus - Log frequency (simple) - Log frequency-contrast - Star - Wedge - Random/Dead Leaves - Focus Score

Log Frequency - Analysis of log frequency-varying charts

Introduction - Photographing, running - Color moire - Output - Pattern - MTF - Comparisons - Calculation details - Nyquist, aliasing

Log F-Contrast - Analysis of charts that vary in log frequency and contrast

Introduction - Creating, printing - Photographing, running - Output - Pattern - MTF - MTF/contrast contours - MTFnn

Sharpness and Texture Analysis using Log F‑Contrast from Imaging-Resource – comparing of several different cameras.

Star Chart - Analysis of the Siemens star chart

Introduction - Creating, photographing, running - Output - MTF - MTFnn, MTFnnP - MTF contours - Equations

Random/Dead Leaves - Scale-invariant test charts (including Imatest Spilled Coins)
           for measuring texture sharpness

Introduction - Obtaining - Photographing - running - Automatic ROI detection - Output - MTF - MTFnn, MTFnnP - Power Spectral Density - Equations & Scale-invariance

Texture examples - More details of Imatest Spilled Coins texture sharpness measurements

Images used in Random/Dead Leaves - Spilled Coins vs. Slanted edge MTF

Dead Leaves measurement issue - Illustrates challenges posed by extreme signal processing

Random/Dead Leaves cross method  - Also called the Spilled Coins cross-correlation method.

Wedge Analysis - Analysis of logarithmic, hyperbolic, or trapezoidal wedge patterns with the Wedge and eSFR ISO modules

Introduction - Recommendations - Instructions - Results - Stability - Limitations & Comparisons - Calculation details - MTF/Nyquist & Aliasing - Logarithmic wedges 

Logarithmic wedges - A superior design with the same frequency distribution as Bode of standard frequency response plots.

Sharpness utilities & postprocessors

FocusField - Use batch results from a range of distances (or apertures) to measure Curvature of Field,
          Longitudinal (Axial) Chromatic Aberration, Depth of Field, and lens focal length.

Introduction – Examples – Prepare the test – Range and Increment – Acquire the images – Analyze – Run FocusField - FocusField Settings – Results – Curvature of Field – Depth of Field (DoF) – Longitudinal (Axial) CA – Lens focal length – Stereo (3D) compatibility 

Image Stabilization/Sharpness Compare - SFRplus postprocessor for analyzing (Optical) Image Stabilization
          and comparing sharpness of different images

Introduction - Operation - Metrics - Results

Batchview - Postprocessor for viewing summaries of SFR, SFRplus, eSFR ISO, or Checkerboard results

Introduction - Preparation - Instructions

Find Sharpest Files - Find the sharpest files in a batch

Introduction - Operation - Details - Example - Plot 

MTF Compare - Compare MTFs of different cameras and lenses (now used infrequently)

Introduction - Instructions 

Tone, color, and spatial modules

Tone, Color, Noise, and Dynamic Range

Using Color/Tone Interactive – Interactive analysis of color & grayscale test charts

Introduction - Getting started - Supported charts - Reference files - The Color/Tone Setup window - Displays and options

Using Color/Tone Auto (Multitest) - Fixed (batch-capable) analysis of color & grayscale test charts

Introduction - Getting started - Reference files - Results

Color/Tone/eSFR ISO Noise - including chroma, sensor (raw), and visual noise

Chroma noise - Imatest Dynamic range - Image sensor (raw) noise and Dynamic Range - Temporal noise – ISO 15739 & CPIQ Visual Noise – ISO 15739 SNR and Dynamic Range – f-stop noise & scene-referenced SNR 

Image Sensor Noise – measurement and modeling - using raw files for image sensor Dynamic Range and Simatest camera/ISP simulator

Experimental technique - Raw files – Black level offset - Noise model – Dynamic Range – EMVA 1288 – Closing the loop

Color/Tone Test Chart Reference & Guide - A guide to the color & monochrome charts used by Color/Tone.

Chart list – Layout – Numbering – Media/materials – Reference values and files - Color charts - ColorGray-42 - DR36+Color - Monochrome (B&W) charts  

Color/Tone Special Charts (OBSOLETE) - Additional charts, including ISO OECF and noise chats and circles arranged on a square  Instructions - Patch numbering - Examples

Color Correction Matrix (CCM) Calculate a matrix (usually 3x3) for correcting image colors (often from raw images)

Introduction - Math - Calculating in Color/Tone Setup - Saturation - Applying the matrix  1. in Color/Tone  2. in Image Processing  3. externally with program code

Contrast Detection Probability (CDP)  - Based on IEEE p2020 automotive image quality standard

Nonuniformity Correction in grayscale and color chart modules for Color/Tone Auto or Setup, Stepchart, and Colorcheck

Dynamic Range - a general introduction with links to Imatest modules that calculate it.

Contrast Resolution - A special transmissive chart for measuring the visibility of low contrast features in larger fields over a wide dynamic range. Analyzed with Color/Tone Interactive or Auto.

Gamutvision - A module for exploring ICC profiles and gamut mapping — illustrates how colors change when images are moved between files and devices.

Using Gamutvision instructions - Using Gamutvision Part 2: Displays - Gamutvision Table of Contents/Site Map 
Black point compensation demystified - Round trips for evaluating printer profile quality 

Using Colorcheck (legacy module; not recommended – use Color/Tone instead)

What Colorcheck does - Colorchecker colors - Photographing target - Running Colorcheck - Colorchecker reference sources - Output - Temporal noise - Auto White Balance (AWB) - Saving - Links

Colorcheck/Color/Tone Appendix - Color difference algorithms and reference formulas

Color difference formulas - Color ellipses (Delta-C ab, Delta-C 94, Delta-C 2000, etc.) - Color difference visualizer - Chroma correction (corr) - Algorithm - Grayscale and Exposure error (fix in 5.1+)

Using Stepchart (legacy module; not recommended– use Color/Tone instead)

Photographing the chart - Running Stepchart - Output - Temporal noise - Auto Exposure (AE) - Saving - Dynamic range - Algorithm

Stepchart: Special and ISO charts  Photographing chart - Instructions - Patch order

Dynamic Range (postprocessor) - Calculate Dynamic Range from several Color/Tone Auto or Stepchart images

Introduction - Operation - Results - Dynamic Range background (f-stop/scene-referenced noise)

Measuring test chart patches - with a Spectrophotometer and one of two software packages

Spectrophotometer- Babelcolor Patch Tool - SpectraShop 4 - Patch order

Spatial and Uniformity (Flat field) modules

Using Flatfield, Part 1 - Measure lens vignetting and image nonuniformity

Instructions - Results

Using Flatfield, Part 2 - Features in Imatest Master and IS (not in Studio)

Input dialog box - Hot and dead pixels - Color shading - Flatfield profiles - Grid plot - Polynomial fit -  Histograms - Noise detail - Spot detection

Using Flatfield-Interactive - Interactive measurement of vignetting and sensor nonuniformity (can be used with direct image acquisition)

Instructions - Results

Using Flatfield Blemish Detect - Measure visible sensor defects

The Human Visual System - Algorithm - Instructions - Input dialog - Results

Flatfield INI Reference

Flatfield statistics - Measure PRNU & DSNU with methods based on EMVA-1288: Separate fixed-pattern (spatial) noise from temporal noise by processing multiple identical images.

Lightbox Comparison Guide - Comparing lightbox brightness and uniformity

Testing flat screen displays - with Imatest Blemish Detect

Testing method - Defective pixels - Luminance nonuniformity - Color nonuniformity - Summary

Dot Pattern - Analysis of a grid of circular dots

Introduction - Setup - Results

Miscellaneous modules and utilities

Lighting Control - Set up and control DMX lights (Kino Flo) and Lightboxes; monitor lighting conditions with an Imatest Spectral Sensor.

Arbitrary Charts - Analyze a chart layout you have designed yourself. 

Introduction - Analyses & Output - INI settings - Chart Definition Files - Chart Definition Utility

Device Manager - Connect to cameras, adjust settings and acquire images into interactive modules.

Video: Dynamic measurements - These can also be performed with direct image acquisition.

Auto White Balance (AWB) - Auto Exposure (AE) - Auto Focus (AF)

Test Charts - Create test charts for high quality inkjet printers

Introduction - Bitmap patterns - SVG patterns - Options

SVG Test Charts - Scalable Vector Graphics charts for MTF and other measurements

Introduction: m x n squares - Squares and wedges - USAF 1951 chart - Operation - Options - Output figure - Printing

Using Screen Patterns - Monitor patterns for Light Falloff, SFR, Distortion, and monitor calibration

Introduction - Light Falloff - SFR - Distortion - Monitor calibration - Monitor gamma - Zone plate - SMPTE color bars - Slanted edges - Colorchecker-Stepchart - Squares (checkerboard)

Rename Files - using EXIF data

Starting - 1. Select folder - 2. Select files - 3. Rename options - 4. Preview - 5. Rename files

Image Processing - Simulate several image processing operations (degradations: blur and noise; enhancements: sharpen, bilateral filter, tone mapping, etc.) and observe their effects on appearance and measurements (MTF, SSIM, etc.).

Operation - Image processing blocks - Displays and analysis - Optical Character Recognition (OCR) - Face and People Detection

Image Statistics - Interactively observe image statistics: cross sections, means, noise, SNR, histograms, and frequency spectra.

Database - Collect and store important information on image capture conditions, device state, and EXIF metadata

Composite Chart - Create a synthetic test chart from several individual image files. Can be used for Photon Transfer Curves.

Educational Apps - Learning resource for image quality factors and measurements. 

Imatest IT – Industrial Testing (non-GUI)

Managing Supply Chain Image Quality with Imatest

Introduction - R&D - Manufacturing - Combining - Guidelines - Accuracy - Quality Staircase - Challenges - Equipment Verification - Failure Analysis - External Quality

Imatest IT Test Items & Modules

Imatest IT-EXE instructions - Running Imatest IT (Industrial Testing)-EXE

Introduction - Installation - Step 1: Capture Images - Step 2: Configure INI File - Step 3: Call Imatest IT Modules - Step 4: Process Results - Error Handling - Sample Code - Advanced Topics - Troubleshooting

Imatest IT-C instructions - Running Imatest IT (Industrial Testing)-C

Introduction - Installation - Step 1: Capture Images - Step 2: Configure INI File - Step 3: Call Imatest IT Modules - Step 4: Process Results - Error Handling - Sample Code - Advanced Topics - Troubleshooting

Imatest IT-C++ instructions - Running Imatest IT (Industrial Testing)-C++

Introduction - Installation - Step 1: Capture Images - Step 2: Configure INI File - Step 3: Call Imatest IT Modules - Step 4: Process Results - Error Handling - Sample Code - Advanced Topics - Troubleshooting

Imatest IT-Python instructions - Running Imatest IT (Industrial Testing)-Python

Introduction - Installation - Step 1: Capture Images - Step 2: Configure INI File - Step 3: Call Imatest IT Modules - Step 4: Process Results - Error Handling - Sample Code - Advanced Topics - Troubleshooting

Imatest IT-.NET (C#) instructions - Running Imatest IT (Industrial Testing)-.NET (C#)

Introduction - Installation - Step 1: Capture Images - Step 2: Configure INI File - Step 3: Call Imatest IT Modules - Step 4: Process Results - Error Handling - Sample Code - Advanced Topics - Troubleshooting

Imatest IT-.NET (Visual Basic) instructions - Running Imatest IT (Industrial Testing)-.NET (Visual Basic)

Introduction - Installation - Step 1: Capture Images - Step 2: Configure INI File - Step 3: Call Imatest IT Modules - Step 4: Process Results - Error Handling - Sample Code - Advanced Topics - Troubleshooting

Imatest IT Parallel (IT-P) - Accelerating Imatest IT by performing tests in parallel

Imatest INI file reference - Reference to INI files for IT/EXE and IT/DLL users (sections used in several modules)

INI file structure - INI File Monitor - [api] (for Imatest IT) - [dcraw/LibRaw] - [rdraw] (Generalized Read Raw) - Secondary Readouts - Miscellaneous

SFRplus and eSFR ISO INI file reference

SFR INI file reference | SFRplus INI file reference | eSFR ISO INI file reference | SFRreg INI file reference | Checkerboard INI file reference

Direct Read Mode - Pass image data directly into Imatest IT, without writing to a file on disk

Implementing Pass/Fail - Setting up Pass/Fail criteria and Pass/Fail Reference. For Imatest IT and GUI versions.

Pass/Fail Monitor - Realtime display and update of pass/fail results (useful with Imatest IT)

Introduction - Setup - Utilities

Operator Console - User interface for production environments

Imatest IT Knowledge Base - Articles about Imatest IT

Debugging Imatest IT

Speeding up Imatest IT with INI file settings 

Appendix

FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions

Cross-reference tables - Tables to help you navigate Imatest

Suppliers - Image quality factors - Modules - Test charts - Test images

Version comparison: Studio vs. Master - Which is right for you?

Troubleshooting - What to do when Imatest doesn't work

Installation problems - Problems after install - Missing DLLs - Runtime problems - Corrupted INI file - Command (DOS) window - A module has stopped working - Diagnostics runs - Path conflicts

Imatest Change Log - Imatest release history

Default INI Folder - Location on your computer of resource files used by Imatest

INI file reference

Glossary

License - The Imatest End User License Agreement (EULA)

Glosario en Espanol

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Index of the Table of Contents
Image quality — Sharpness — Other IQ factors — IQ Utilities —  Getting started — Imatest Instructions – general — 
Troubleshooting —  Knowledge Base highlights — Slanted-Edge sharpness modules — Other sharpness modules —
Tone, Color, Noise & Dynamic Range modules — Spatial & Uniformity modules —
Miscellaneous modules and utilities — Industrial Testing edition — Appendix